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Objective:To investigate the association between the rehabilitation of visual function and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) patients receiving gene therapy for the disease.Methods:A multi-center, non-randomized, single-arm clinical trial was conducted.A total of 159 LHON patients were enrolled in Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Taihe Hospital and Ezhou Central Hospital from December 2017 to December 2018.All of the patients were administered with a single unilateral intravitreal injection (0.05 μl) of recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 carrying reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 4 (rAAV2-ND4) and were followed up before and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment.The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) unit was assessed with a standard logarithmic visual acuity chart.Perimetry indicators including visual field index (VFI) and mean deviation (MD) were measured with Humphrey Field Analyzer.RNFL thickness in the superior, inferior, temporal, nasal optic disc and the average RNFL thickness were detected with Spectralis ? HRA+ OCT.The 12-month postoperative BCVA, visual field, and RNFL thickness were taken as the primary outcomes.According to the improvement of BCVA, VFI and MD at 12 months after therapy, there were 81 vision improved eyes with injection, 62 vision unimproved eyes with injection, 65 vision improved eyes without injection, and 78 vision unimproved eyes without injection, 48 VFI improved eyes with injection, 71 VFI unimproved eyes with injection, 47 VFI improved eyes without injection, and 72 VFI unimproved eyes without injection, 52 MD improved eyes with injection, 67 MD unimproved eyes with injection, 47 MD improved eyes without injection, and 72 MD unimproved eyes without injection.The correlations between BCVA, VFI, MD and RNFL thickness were evaluated by Pearson linear correlation analysis.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committees of Wuhan Tongji Hospital (No.TJ-IRB20180316), Taihe Hospital (No.2017-01), Ezhou Central Hospital (No.2017-K-05) and People's Hospital of Wuhan University (No.WDRY2020-K202).Written informed consent was obtained from each patient or custodian prior to entering the study cohort. Results:Among the patients receiving rAAV-ND4 gene therapy, the 12-month postoperative BCVA (LogMAR) in the injected eyes and uninjected eyes was 1.37±0.55 and 1.29±0.59, which were significantly better than 1.70±0.41 and 1.53±0.51 before treatment (baseline), respectively ( t=4.920, 3.550; both at P<0.001).The 12-month postoperative VFI of the patients were significantly improved and the 12-month postoperative MD of the patients were significantly lowered in comparison with those at baseline in the injected eyes (both at P<0.001).Similar improvements of VFI and MD were observed in the uninjected eyes (both at P<0.01).RNFL of the patients was thinner after the therapy.In the vision improved eyes with injection, the BCVA was negatively correlated with superior, inferior, temporal, nasal and average RNFL thickness ( r=-0.362, -0.292, -0.307, -0.308; all at P<0.05).In the VFI improved eyes with injection, VFI was positively correlated with superior, inferior, nasal and average RNFL thickness ( r=0.439, 0.356, 0.294, 0.401; all at P<0.05).In the MD improved eyes with injection, MD was positively correlated with superior, inferior, nasal and average RNFL thickness ( r=0.495, 0.424, 0.377, 0.474; all at P<0.05). Conclusions:The recovery of visual function is associated with RNFL thickness after the intravitreal injection of rAAV2-ND4 in LHON eyes.Recovery of visual acuity is better in the eyes with thicker RNFL.
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Objective:To observe the changes of vision and visual evoked potentials (VEP) in patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) before and after gene therapy.Methods:A retrospective cohort study. From December 2017 to October 2018, 35 cases of 70 eyes of m11778G.A/MT-ND4 mutant LHON patients who were diagnosed in the Tongji Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology and received gene therapy were included in the study. There were 30 males (87.71%) and 5 females (12.29%), with the mean age of 23.31±6.72 years. The gene therapy method was intravitreal injection of rAAV2-ND4 (recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit 4 gene) into one eye. The eye with poor visual acuity was chosen as the injection eye. If both eyes had the same visual acuity, the right eye was designated as the injection eye. Seventy eyes were divided into the injected eye group and the non-injected eye group, in which were both 35 eyes. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and pattern VEP (PVEP) examinations were performed in the injected eye group and the non-injected eye group before treatment (baseline), 1, 3, and 6 months after injection. Compare the changes of BCVA and PVEP between the injected eye group and the non-injected eye group at baseline, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after injection. Independent sample t test, paired sample t test or two independent sample nonparametric test were performed to compare the two groups. Results:Compared with baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment, the BCVA of the injected eye group ( t=3.530, 4.962, 5.281; P=0.001, 0.000, 0.000) and the non-injected eye group ( t=3.288, 2.620, 2.252; P=0.002, 0.013, 0.031) increased, and the difference was statistically significant; there was no statistically significant difference between VEP IT ( tinjected eye group=-0.158, 1.046, -1.134; Pinjected eye group = 0.875, 0.303, 0.190; tnon-injected eye group=0.773, -0.607, -0.944; Pnon-injected eye group = 0.445, 0.548, 0.352) and VEP A ( Zinjected eye group=-0.504, -0.934, -1.065; Pinjected eye group = 0.614, 0.351, 0.287; Znon-injected eye group=-0.521, -0.115, -0.491; Pnon-injected eye group = 0.602, 0.909, 0.623). Conclusion:After gene therapy, the visual acuity of the injected and non-injected eyes of LHON patients improved; PVEP did not change significantly, and remained stable compared with baseline.
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Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a blinding disease caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA. It is a classic disease model for studying mitochondrial abnormalities. Its main mutation sites are m11778G.A, m.3460G.A and m.14484T.C. LHON cell models are mainly produced by lymphoblasts, fibroblasts, cell hybrids and induced pluripotent stem cells, while LHON animal models are mainly mice, which are produced by rotenone and ND4 mutants. Although the research on the LHON model has achieved good results, there are still many difficulties in constructing an ideal experimental model, which severely limit the exploring to the pathogenesis and therapeutic drugs of LHON. A detailed understanding of the application and characteristics of existing models in LHON will help improve experimental design and construct new models.
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Objective:To explore the association between abnormal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and elevated blood pressure among females of child-bearing potential.Methods:A total of 294 674 females of child-bearing age who participated in pre-pregnancy health examination in Shenzhen from 2013 to 2019 were selected. Demographic characteristics, blood pressure, TSH, fasting blood glucose and other indexes were collected. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between abnormal TSH levels and elevated blood pressure (including prehypertension and hypertension).Results:This study showed that females of child-bearing potential with prehypertension and hypertension accounted for 21.77% and 2.41%, respectively. Compared with females of child-bearing potential with normal TSH, the risk of prehypertension and hypertension increased by 34.0% ( OR=1.340, 95% CI 1.248-1.438) and 59.6% ( OR=1.596, 95% CI 1.301-1.938) among those with decreased TSH, respectively, whereas the risk of prehypertension and hypertension increased by 13.6% ( OR=1.136, 95% CI 1.076-1.198) and 38.0% ( OR=1.380, 95% CI 1.198-1.581) among those with elevated TSH, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that abnormal TSH levels in most subgroups, such as age, ethnicity, educational level, occupation, spouse smoking, alcohol drinking, body mass index, and fasting blood glucose, were associated with the risk of elevated blood pressure. Heterogeneity test showed that the association between decreased TSH and elevated blood pressure was higher in females with high school and below or alcohol drinking, and the association between elevated TSH and elevated blood pressure was higher in females with college/bachelor′s degree and above or non-smoking spouse. Conclusion:There is a significant association between abnormal TSH levels and the risk of prehypertension and hypertension in females of child-bearing potential, and the association should be explored with stratified educational level, alcohol drinking, and spouse smoking status.
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Objective@#Analyzes of the monitoring results of silicosis in key occupational disease monitoring in Tianjin in 2017, providing reference for continuous monitoring, and prevention and control work of silicosis.@*Methods@#Monitor and analyze the current state of silica dust hazard enterprises, the health status of silica dust workers, and the characteristics of newly developed silicosis cases in accordance with the national 2017 work plan for key occupational disease monitoring and occupational health risk assessment.@*Results@#In 2017, 210 enterprises have silica dust hazard in Tianjin, silica dust workplaces exceed the standard rate is 34.73%, 5 695 workers' health examination who contact with silica dust were collected. 2 were detected occupational contraindication, the abnormal detection rate of chest examination is 3.60%, the abnormal index of lung function mainly is FVC, the abnormal rate is 15.8%. The abnormal rate increases with working years. In 2017, 193 new cases of silicosis were reported most cases were developed after years of decontamination. Most enterprises with cases had already out of market, only 7 were still producing.@*Conclusion@#The key prevention and control in Tianjin was enterprises with silica dust excess of standard, as well as older and longer working years workers, adopting effective measures to reduce the concentration of silica dust in workplace is a fundamental measure to reduce the risk of silicosis.
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Objective@#To provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control measures of silicosis by analyzing the epidemiological characteristics of silicosis cases reported in Tianjin city during 2001-2015.@*Methods@#The database of silicosis cases reported in Tianjin from 2001 to 2015 was established and analyzed by SPSS 24.0 software.@*Results@#2 213 cases of silicosis were reported during 2001~2015 in Tianjin, 2015 of them were new cases, and fewer reports of promoting stage cases and death cases, which were129 and 69 cases. The new cases were increasing by years, mainly stage I silicosis accounting for 99.2%, the years of dust exposure were concentrated from 1970 to 1989, accounting for 69.58%. From 2001 to 2015, the median length of service at the onset of silicosis was 19.30 years, the age of the onset of silicosis is decreasing. The median of onset age in new cases of silicosis was 53.28 years, and increased year by year. There were significant differences in indirect dust working age and diagnostic age in different reporting years. Most cases were distributed in non-mental mineral product industry, and ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry. The work types of these cases are various.@*Conclusion@#The increasing incidence of silicosis and the shortening of dust-exposed working years suggest that the form of silicosis hazards is still severe in Tianjin. According to the epidemic characteristics of silicosis, we should strengthen the supervision and management of key industries and special investigation, carry out silicosis census and silicosis screening of dust-removal workers, and take pertinent measures to prevent and control the occurrence of silicosis.
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Objective@#To analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of new occupational diseases in Tianjin from 2008 to 2017, and to provide scientific basis for the formulation of prevention and control measures for occupational diseases in Tianjin.@*Methods@#In 2018, data on the new occupational disease in Tianjin from 2008 to 2017 were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Statistical analysis was performed on the basic situation, the nature of the company, and the distribution of the industry.@*Results@#A total of 5201 cases of occupational diseases were reported in Tianjin from 2008 to 2017, mainly including pneumoconiosis (92.37%) , followed by occupational poisoning (2.88%) , and the third occupational ENT disease (2.31%) . The male cases were higher than females, with a median age of 56 years and a median of 20 years of service. The most reported area was Hedong District (26.86%) . The economic type and scale of the cases belonged to state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises. The industry is mainly composed of non-metallic mineral products, and there are significant differences in the composition ratios of its economic type (χ2=19240.00, P<0.01) , enterprise size (χ2=3883.00, P<0.01) and industry (χ2=52050.00, P<0.01) .@*Conclusion@#Pneumoconiosis, occupational poisoning and occupational ENT diseases are the key prevention and control occupational diseases in Tianjin city. It is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of occupational diseases in large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, and to respond to occupational disease hazards in such key industries as the manufacturing industry so as to protect the health of occupational groups.
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Objective@#To investigate the prevalence of metabolic disorder among the high school students in Guangzhou.@*Methods@#A cross-sectional study among 4 620 high school students selected with stratified cluster sampling was conducted in Guangzhou. Height, weight, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and serum lipid of TC, TG were measured. Household socioeconomic status, medical history, physical activities as well as personal diet and study habits were acquired with structured questionnaire.@*Results@#The prevalence of central obesity was 11.5%. The overall prevalence of IFG and DM was 6.9%. The overall prevalence of both hypercholesteremia and hypertriglyceridemia was 13.4%. The prevalence of hypertension was 11.6%. With multivariable logistic regression, the results showed that: fast eating was associated with increased risk of central obesity (OR=1.79, 95%CI=1.47-2.18) and hypercholesteremia/hypertriglyceridemia (OR=1.27，95%CI=1.04-1.54). While students who ate slow had low risk of central obesity (OR=0.47, 95%CI=0.33-0.68), hypercholesteremia/hypertriglyceridemia(OR=0.71, 95%CI=0.54-0.94) and hypertension (OR=0.65, 95%CI=0.49-0.88). Students with sugar-sweetened beverages once a day or more had higher risk of central obesity (OR=1.60, 95%CI=1.08-2.38) while students without sugar-sweetened beverages consumption had low risk of IFG/DM (OR=0.57, 95%CI= 0.43-0.77) than those who consumed 1-2 times/week. Students without eating out habit had lower risk of hypercholesteremia /hypertriglyceridemia than those with eating out for 1-2 times/week (OR=0.78, 95%CI=0.62-0.98), and students who had lunch out of home or canteen had higher risk of hypercholesteremia /hypertriglyceridemia than those who ate at canteen (OR=1.38，95%CI=1.06-1.81).@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of metabolic disorder among high school students in Guangzhou is at a relatively high level. High eating speed, heavy sugared beverages intake and frequently eating out habits are associated with risk of metabolic disorder.
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Objective@#To explore the correlation between hemoglobin and blood pressure.@*Methods@#This study adopted the cross-sectional design method. Participants were recruited from grade 2 in primary school, grade 1 from junior and senior high school taking physical examination, including the hemoglobin test, organized by the Guangzhou Municipal Primary and Secondary School Health and Health Promotion Center from January to December in 2015. Correlation between blood pressure and hemoglobin and determinants of blood pressure were analyzed.@*Results@#A total of 34 752 samples participated including 17 414 boys and 17 338 girls. Hemoglobin was negatively associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) among girls with anemia(P<0.01). Hemoglobin was positively associated with SBP and DBP among boys and girls with normal hemoglobin level(P<0.01). With each tertile increase in blood pressure, hemoglobin level increased by 1 mmHg. Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with peers from same grade with hemoglobin level lower than P25, the risk of suffering from pre-hypertension and hypertension among students from grade 2 with hemoglobin level greater than or equal to P75, and those from junior high and senior high schools with hemoglobin level higher than or equal to P50.@*Conclusion@#Among students without anemia population, a positive correlation between hemoglobin and SBP and DBP is observed.
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Objective@#To investigate the influence of depression symtoms and related occupational stress on workers in chip manufacturing industry.@*Methods@#By using cluster sampling method, 2 251workers in electronic manufacturing industry were selected as study subjects in July-December 2016. The simple Occupational Stress Questionnnaire and The Chinese version of Effort-reword imbalance questionnaire (ERI) Questionnnaire were used to investigate and evaluate their job demand-control-support questionnaire (JDC) and ERI Occupational stress stiuation respctively. Depression symptoms were measured by the depression module of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) .@*Results@#Among the 2 251 workers, 77.03% workers were found high level of depression symptom.486 workers were the highest level depression.1 248 workers were the higher level depression. The scores of depression symptoms in the related influceing factors JDC and ERI occupational stress were different (P<0.05) . The multivariate logistic analysis results indicated the main positve factors of depression were above college degree, more than 1 years of working age and high input (P<0.05) . The main protective factors of depression were non migrant workers and high return (P<0.05) .@*Conclusion@#The rate of depression of workers is relatively higher in chip manufacturing factory. Enterprises should pay special attention to workers who were above college degree, more than 1 years of working age and high input, ERI occupational stress.
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Objective@#To observe the effect of overexpression of miRNA200a (miR-200a) recombinant lentivirus on the expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in mouse lung epithelial cell line MLE-12 induced by silica (SiO2) .@*Methods@#The mice were divided into SiO2 control group (SiO2) , virus control group (SiO2+Lv-NC) group and overexpressing miR-200a virus group (SiO2+Lv-miR-200a). The expression of β-catenin, MMP2, MMP9, TCF-4 and Cyclin D1 mRNA and protein were detected by realtime-PCR and western blot after incubating cells for 18 h stimulating at the final concentration of 200 μg/ml of SiO2.@*Results@#The expression of miR-200a in MLE-12 cells of SiO2+Lv-miR-200 a group was significantly higher than that in SiO2 group and SiO2+Lv-NC group. The mRNA and protein expression of β-catenin, MMP2, MMP9, TCF-4 and Cyclin D1 in MLE-12 cells of SiO2+Lv-miR-200a group were significantly lower than those in SiO2 group and SiO2+Lv-NC group (P<0.05) .@*Conclusion@#Overexpression of miR-200a can inhibit the expression of related genes of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in silica-induced mouse lung epithelial cells.
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In addition to obtaining DNA-STR typing of an evidentiary stain for individual identification and paternity tests, knowing the time since deposition (TSD) is also highly desired in forensics. To provide a reference for the research of predicting the TSD, this article reviews the reported optical, cell biological and molecular biological methods of determining the age of bloodstains domestic and overseas, and also introduces the application of microbial forensics, a new field of forensic science, to provide space-time clues of evidentiary stains.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate occupational stress and its influencing factors in workers of electronic manufacturing.METHODS: The judgment sampling method was used to select 2 251 workers as study subjects. The Simple Occupational Stress Questionnaire and the Effort-Reward Imbalance( ERI) Questionnaire were used to investigate job demand-control(JDC) and ERI occupational stress respectively. RESULTS: Among the 2 251 workers,the prevalence rates of high occupational stress in JDC and ERI models were 56. 4% and 10. 1%,respectively. The positive rate of JDC occupational stress was higher than that of ERI( P < 0. 01). The multivariate logistic analysis indicated that workers with assembly line had higher risk of JDC and ERI occupational stress than workers without assembly line( P < 0. 05). Workers with labor dispatching had higher risk of JDC and ERI occupational stress than workers with long-term contract( P < 0. 05). Workers exposed to occupational hazards had higher risk of JDC and ERI occupational stress than workers not exposed to occupational hazards( P < 0. 05). Workers with disease had higher risk of JDC and ERI occupational stress than healthy workers( P < 0. 05). CONCLUSION: JDC is the main occupational stress model in workers of electronics manufacturing factory. The main influencing factors are assembly line,labor dispatching,weekly work time,exposure to occupational hazards and illness.
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Arterial spin labeling (ASL),unlike dynamic magnetic susceptibility contrast enhanced perfusion imaging,does not require contrast agents and it is a reusable and noninvasive imaging approach. This technique reverses the marker flow to the arterial blood protons of the brain and then uses its tracer to evaluate brain perfusion. If all la-beled blood arrive at the imaging voxel at the time of image acquisition,the signal difference between the marker image and the control image will be proportional to the cerebral blood flow. In recent years,with the development of ASL tech-nology,pediatric brain diseases such as ischemia and hypoxic encephalopathy,pediatric epilepsy,pediatric encephalitis and other diagnosis has made new progress.
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Objective To investigate the effects of different liver protective drugs on preventing liver injury induced by anti-tuberculosis drugs. Methods Retrospective analysis was made on 355 patients with primary pulmonary tuberculosis during intensified time. The patients received silibinon and bicyclol to prevent liver injury. 82 patients with TB were treated as control group during the same time. Results The number of patients with liver injury in silibinon group and bicyclol group were 16 cases (14.7%) and 55 cases (22.4%) respectively. The number of control group with liver injury was 9 cases (11.0%) (χ2 = 3.627,P > 0.05). The liver injuries within 4 weeks were mainly counted in. There is no difference between intervention and control groups(χ2 = 0.414,P > 0.05). There is no difference between three groups in liver injury degree (U = 0.288,P> 0.05). Conclusion Without high risk factors, anti-inflammatory and enzyme reduction drugs have no significant protective effects on liver injury caused by anti-tuberculosis drugs.
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90 years old patients was 13.04%.The longer the hospitalization time the incidence among inpatients longer than 60d was 43.51%,the higher was the hospital infection rate.CONCLUSIONS There are many risk factors inducing hospital infections among elderly,there fore the monitoring must be strengthened,and the disinfection isolation and asepsis must be strictly conducted,with limited invasive manipulations,reasonable use of antibiotics,and active treatment of the primary affection,all above can effectively reduce the occurrence of hospital infection among ellerly patients.
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OBJECTIVE To explore the infection situation of surgical operation and enhance postoperative(observation) and rational use of antibiotics.METHODS Totally 11 208 cases after surgical operation were(investigated)(retrospectively).The diagnosis standard was based on the Diagnosis Standard of Hospital(Infection)(Draft) published by Ministry of Health,the People′s Republic of China in Jan 2001. RESULTS There were(11 208) cases after surgical operation from Jan 1,2000 to Dec 31,2004 in our hospital and 275 cases suffered(incision)(infection,) there(infection) rate was 2.45%.The pathogenic bacteria of incision infection were confirmed as G~-(bacilli)(72 strains,78.26%),and G~+ cocci(20 strains,21.74%).CONCLUSIONS The key points of prevention of incision infection are sterile operation,protection of operation field when incising cavity organ,inside(sterilization),flushing of abdominal cavity and incision,change of contaminated apparatus,gloves and dressing promptly,(selection) of suture line and suture technique,besides the serious operation preparedness and skin(sterilization).
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OBJECTIVE To study the characteristic of the lower respiratory tract infection in patients with the cerebral hemorrhage and hypertension,and find out the measures of prevention and control. METHODS The discharged patients with the cerebral hemorrhage and hypertension from Jan 2002 to Dec 2004 underwent retrospective investigation and analysis for the sites and reasons and the results of bacterial culture. RESULTS The incidence of the lower respiratory tract infection in patients with the cerebral hemorrhage and hypertension was 55.55%.Major infection factors correlated with neurogenic pulmonary edema, irritable hyperglycemia,bulbar paralysis,etc.The Gram-nagative bacteria were predominant among the pathogens. CONCLUSIONS The infections are interrelated with many factors.Abiding by the principle of using antibiotic and the strict aseptic manipulation may reduce the occurrence of the infection,but treating the primary affection and the comprehensive therapy are important measures for reducing infection.
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OBJECTIVE To discuss the relation between the fungal infection and differential leukocyte count,fever and death rate,for progressing clinical diagnosis and therapy in fungal infection. METHODS The patients were divided into septicemia groups,lung infection groups,biliary tract infection groups,nerve center and local urinary tract groups,intestinal tract groups,and normal control groups.And the differential leukocyte count,and fever and death rate were analyzed. RESULTS The Aspergillus,Candida and Cryptococcus were occupied 90.8% for deep fungal infection,and the Aspergillus caused patients death rate to 88.9%;fungal infection for septicemia,lungs,biliary tract caused patients fever rate was to 100%,but urinary tract,intestinal tract and nerve center behaved variously.For lungs the Aspergillus and Penicillium caused differential leukocyte WBC count had high than the control signficant difference,P0.05. CONCLUSIONS The deep fungal infection caused higher patients fever rate,and the Aspergillus and Penicillium caused higher differential leukocyte count,but deep and local yeast was not.Currently the Aspergillus,Candida and Cryptococcus are three main opportunistic infected fungi.
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the management situation of cross infection in outpatient service of stomatology in hospital and clinic in Zhanjiang city and conduct effective measure to control hospital infection.METHODS In our investigation,we selected 105 hospitals and private clinics to inspect their management situation of cross (infection) via dental(instrument).RESULTS The management in the hospitals of the city was quite qualified but the some private dental clinics were terrible.The main problems were as follows: no effective disinfection for dental instrument and the bad environment in procedure room,especially the worse sterilization situation of the dental handpieces.Most of the doctors in private clinics were short of knowledge in the sterilization for dental(instruments.) CONCLUSIONS There is no time to delay for the health administration department to normalize the management of the private dental clinics.It is essential to train the medical staffs,and implement measures for dental instrument disinfection management in private dental clinics.